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The Fibonacci Sequence: Nature's Hidden Code

The Fibonacci sequence is one of the most famous and intriguing number sequences in mathematics. Named after Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci), it appears throughout nature, art, and mathematics.

Definition
The sequence is defined recursively as:

The first terms are:

Mathematical Properties

Golden Ratio Connection
The ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers approaches the golden ratio :

Binet's Formula
An explicit formula for the Fibonacci number:

Cassini's Identity

In Nature
Fibonacci numbers appear in various natural phenomena:

  • Phyllotaxis: Leaf arrangement in plants
  • Sunflowers: Typically have clockwise spirals and counter-clockwise spirals
  • Pinecones: Often have spirals in one direction and in the other
  • Pineapples: Usually show , , and spirals

Applications
Computer Science

  • Dynamic programming examples
  • Efficient algorithms for Fibonacci heaps

Finance

  • Fibonacci retracements in technical analysis

Art & Architecture

  • Golden rectangle constructions
  • Aesthetic proportions